Economics Question Jaibb

PAPER 6 : ACCOUNTING FOR FINANCIAL SERVICES Full Marks : 100 Module A: Introduction and Environment †¢ Purpose, Nature, Uses and Users of Accounting Information, Functional and Operational Definition of Accounting, Accounting Principles, Standards and Regulations, Forms of Business Organizations and Accounting systems. Module B: Analysis of Financial Statement †¢Objectives of Financial Statement Analysis, Financial Statement Analysis, Horizontal and Vertical Analysis, Comparative Financial Statements, Communize Statements, Financial Ration Analysis, Trend Percentage, Specialized Analysis, Cash Forecasts, Analysis of Changes in Financial Position, Break-Even Analysis, Cash Flow Statement, Unadjusted Trial Balance and Adjustments. Module C: Processing and Recording of Accounting Information †¢Transaction, Analysis of Transaction, Accounting Cycle, Recording of Transaction, Double Entry System, Golden Rule of Debit and Credit, Posting of transactions to the Ledger, T Form and Multi Column Ledger, Preparation of Cash Book, Single Column, Double Column and Triple Column Cash Book, Preparation of Trial Balance, Suspense Accounts, Reflection of Errors Adjusting Entries and Closing Entries Accrued and Deferred Revenue and Expenses. Module D: Financial Statements for Different Entities †¢ †¢ †¢Service, Merchandise and Manufacturing Operation: Income Statement, Cost of Goods Sold, Cash Flow Statement, Balance Sheet, Limitation of Balance Sheet. Partnership and Joint Stock Companies: Specific Characteristics of Financial Statements of Partnership – Capital Account, Current Account, Profit and Loss Adjustments Account. Distinguishing Characteristics of Financial Statements of Companies. Banks and Other Financial Institutions: Provisions of Bank Company Act, 1991 (with Amendments), Preparation of Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet of Banks.Provisions of Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (with Amendments), Preparation of Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet of Financial Institutions. Module E: Accounting for Assets †¢ Current Assets: Inventory Valuation, Periodic and Perpetual Method for Ascertaining Closing Inventory, Average, Last In First Out (LIFO), First In First Out (FIFO), Account Receivables. †¢ Fixed Assets: Depreciation Methods, Recording of Depreciation, Valuation of Fixed Assets, Depreciation as a Cost Allocation. Module F: Journal Rules for Journalizing †¢Different Types of Journals, Sub-Division of Journals, Posting of Accounts, Ledger, Interpretation of Ledger Account, Writing of Different Types of Cash Book in Columnar Form, Imprest System of Petty Cash, Bank Reconciliation System, Journal Proper. References 1 2 3 4 5 Anthony, Reece – Accounting Principles (Richard D, Irwin, Inc. U. S. A. ). Anthony, Robert N. – Essentials of Accounting (IRWIN, U. S. A. ). Harmenson, Edwards, MAHER – Accounting Principles (IRWIN, U. S. A. ). Khan, Md. Mainuddin – Advanced Accounting (Ideal Library, Dhaka). Weygandt, Kieso Kell – Accounting Principles (John Wiley and Sons Inc. U. S. A. ).

Human Existence Essay

1. The origins of the majority of human existence in North America began with migrations from Eurasia over the Bering Strait. 2. The first truly complex society in the Americas was that of the Olmec. 3. Cahokia was a large trading center located near what present-day city? St. Louis. 4. The agricultural practices of pre-Columbian tribes in the Northeast were characterized by a rapid exploitation of the land. 5. The preeminent European maritime power in the fifteenth century was Portugal. 6. Christopher Columbus  thought the world was much smaller than it was in reality. 7. Amerigo Vespucci  helped popularize the idea that the Americas were new continents. 8. What European explorer gave the Pacific Ocean its name? Ferdinand Magellan 9. Encomienda was  the right to exact tribute and labor from natives. 10. The first permanent Spanish settlement in what is now the United States was St. Augustine. 11. In what way did sixteenth-century Europeans benefit from trade between the Americas and Europe? A large number of new crops became available in Europe. 12. Which of the following was NOT introduced by Europeans to the New World?  Corn. 13. The portion of west Africa that provided the majority of slaves for the Spanish Empire of the sixteenth century had well-developed economies and political systems. 14. African and American Indian societies tended to be matrilineal, which means that people traced their heredity through their mothers. 15. In the fifteenth century, slavery in Africa  generally allowed certain legal protections to the enslaved. 16. The European countries that controlled the African slave trade did so in which chronological order, from earliest to latest? the Portuguese, the Dutch, the English 17. What condition in England in the sixteenth century provided an incentive for colonization? The availability of farmland was declining, while the population was growing. 18. In what way were Martin Luther and John Calvin important to English Puritans? Luther and Calvin advocated ideas of religious reform that influenced Puritan thought. 19. The teachings of John Calvin  produced a strong desire among his followers to lead lives that were virtuous. 20. The English Reformation resulted from  a political dispute between King Henry VIII and the Catholic Church. 21. The English concluded from their colonial experiences in Ireland that English colonists should maintain a rigid separation from the indigenous population.

The Three Waves of Feminism - 1223 Words

The Three Big Waves of Feminism First-Wave Feminism: Women’s Right to Vote In 1776, the then First Lady of the United States was the first to raise her about women’s rights, telling her husband to â€Å"remember the ladies† in his drafting of new laws, yet it took more than 100 years for men like John Adams to actually do so. With the help of half a dozen determined, and in this case white upper-middle-class, women the first-wave feminism, which spans from the 19th century to the early 20th century, finally led to their goal after 72 years of protesting. The Nineteenth Amendment, which secured the rights for women to vote finally passed in 1920. This grand victory brought other reforms along, including reforms in the educational system,†¦show more content†¦They showed that women, too, could become political. Women from Rosa Parks to Coretta Scott King made political protest seem necessary and encouraged many women all over America, regardless of race and ethnic background, to speak up for their rights. It was the feminist movement’s turn then to get real personal and by getting real personal it didn’t get any less political. Women had enough of the sexual harassment and domestic violence going on behind doors, of being kept out of law and medical schools and thus being restricted to low paid jobs, of being confined not only in domestic but also in public spheres. To make it short: women had enough of being looked down at. With these problems the key demands of this movement were: â€Å"the right to safe and legal abortion, the right to accessible and affordable childcare, and the equal opportunities in education and employment†. Another demand was more support of battered womens shelters, and changes in custody and divorce law. This wave of feminism brought up the most of changes regarding women and laws. Affirmative Action rights for women were extended and acts like the Women’s Educational Equity Act, which allowed educational equality for women, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, which prohibited â€Å"sex discrimination on the basis of pregnancy†, were passed. Amongst these acts a law passed in 1975 that required the U.S. MilitaryShow MoreRelatedThree Waves Of Feminism Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesA Brief History Of The Three Waves Of Feminism Seeing the title the first thing that comes to our mind is â€Å" What is Feminism†? feminism is a belief where a woman s needs and their contributions are valued. It’s based on the social, political and economical equality for women. It is also described as a movement. Where women are fighting for their right since evolution. Now, what about the word â€Å"wave†? The word â€Å"wave† which categorizes feminism because it illustrates the forward motion- of theRead MoreThe History of Feminism Essay750 Words   |  3 PagesThe History of Feminism The definition of feminism is very elusive. Maybe because of its ever-changing historical meaning, it’s not for certain whether there is any coherence to the term feminism or if there is a definition that will live up to the movement’s variety of adherents and ideas. In the book â€Å"No Turning Back,† author Estelle Freedman gives an accurate four-part definition of the very active movement: â€Å"Feminism is a belief that women and men are inherently part of equal worth. Because mostRead MoreFeminism : The First Wave Of Feminism1267 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism is a movement calling for social change, holding to a belief that women are oppressed by American society due to patriarchy’s inherent sexism. This social movement explained quite simply started in the 19th century when women fought for the right to vote, sought to improve workplace conditions for women as well as increase working opportunities. From this initial movement, called first wave fem inism, stemmed other waves that though somewhere in the same vein, they held many differing goalsRead MoreAchievements Of 1st And 2nd Wave Feminism Essay1441 Words   |  6 PagesAchievements of 1st and 2nd Wave Feminism America has seen numerous movements that have come and gone, and all of them had an agenda for which they stood for. Even in modern times, many rights and activists groups are often pushing for amendments and reforms for certain issues for which they feel upset about. These movements have been particularly important over the course of years in the manner of America’s social, economic and political affairs have developed. The three waves of feminism are some of the wellRead MoreFeminist Theory Of Feminism1245 Words   |  5 Pageswelcome to participate in the conversation ( Watson, 2014). In the feminist perspective, which is an extension of feminism, there is support of equality for both women and men. Feminism is a belief that women and men have equal rights and opportunities. There are many different branches in the feminist perspective, one of the most interesting one is intersectional feminism. Intersectional feminism believes that experiences of class, gender, and race c an not be adequately understood unless we understandRead MoreFourth Wave Feminism1572 Words   |  7 PagesPost Feminism Or The Fourth Wave The word feminism is defined as referring to political, cultural, and economic movements seeking greater rights and participation in society for women and girls. This word goes hand in hand with the feminist movement, which is aimed at equal rights for women. The feminist movement has had three distinct waves. The first wave took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and granted women the right to vote and practice birth control. The second wave achievedRead MoreFeminism Is Defined As The Theory Of Political, Economic,1011 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism is defined as the theory of political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. (Definition of Feminism) and also as the organized activity on behalf of women s rights and interests. (Definition of Feminism). If one would look in-depth into Feminism they would see that there are three waves of Feminism. Now not all types or waves of feminism is wrong, but third wave, or the most recent, should not be supported, because t hey often tell myths that are just not true or usually use aRead MoreFeminism Throughout History1698 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism Throughout history, women around the globe have been struggling to gain rights that are equal to men in the society. Women have been struggling to obtain respect, equality, and the same rights men have in the society. However, this has been difficult to them because of patriarchy, an ideology whereby, men are always considered to be superior to women, and have the right to control women. This thought has spread widely among the social structures of the society around the globe and thisRead MoreThe First Wave Of Feminism767 Words   |  4 Pagesworth 50 points Assignment – What is feminism? Describe how it has evolved in the United States and include the three phases. The belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities organized activity in support of woman s rights and interests The first wave of feminism took place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, emerging out of an environment of urban industrialism and liberal, socialist politics. The goal of this wave was to open up opportunities for womenRead MoreFeminism : An Definition Of Feminism1281 Words   |  6 PagesWhen one hears the term â€Å"Feminism†, she/he may have the idea that it is the urge and desire to gain rights for women. While that is true, it does not describe feminism in its entirety. Many people misinterpret what this term means based on media and people who do not know better. Many people who may misinterpret feminism may describe it as a movement to make women superior to men. They may say that those who claim to be a feminist are ones who hate men and strive to assert themselves above

How to Pronounce oi in the French Language

If one of the first French words you learned was  au revoir, then you already know how to pronounce the oi combination in other words. This is a vowel pairing that is used frequently in the French language and a quick lesson will help you pronounce it with ease. How to Pronounce oi in French The letters oi in French  are pronounced [wa]. The A takes on the regular French A sound. This is often considered one of the signature sounds of the French language and the foundation for French accents. Beyond  au  revoir, you likely learned to say oi in  trois  (three) when learning to count. Its also found in other basic vocabulary lessons, such as  la  voiture  (car),  une  poire  (pear), and  des  devoirs  (homework). Practice Your oi Pronunciation   To really hone your pronunciation of oi, here are a few more words to practice. Try to pronounce each on your own prior to clicking on the word to hear the correct pronunciation.   As you work your way through the list, you should hear that signature [wa] sound. Quite often, the letter following oi is either silent or softer than it may be in other words. au revoir  (good-bye)boire  (drink)dà ©boà ®ter  (to disconnect)le  doigt  (finger)à ©loigner  (to move away)une  framboise  (raspberry)loin (de)  (far from)Mademoiselle  (Miss)la  toilette  (toilet, bathroom)

Crime Detection And Its Prevention - 1925 Words

Introduction As residents of the Great State of Florida and citizens of our community we have many concerns about our safety and what measure our local law enforcement agencies are taking in order to see we are living in a neighborhood free of the fear that we may be victims of a violent crime. In order to for us to really take action, we must first understand the true meaning of crime detection. Crime detection and its prevention is important for effective policing. Police officers are committed to take all measures necessary, both proactive and reactive to ensure a safe and peaceful community for the citizens they serve. Let’s take a look at what exactly is crime prevention. According to Wikipedia, Crime prevention is a term describing techniques used for reducing crime and criminal activities as well as deterring crime and criminals. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_prevention.It is applied specifically to efforts made by governments to reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal justice. As we understand that definition, it gives us the opportunity to identify the crime prevention policy and how its goal is to reduce or eliminate crime. This may involve both government and community programs which specify and strive at reducing crime and criminal interaction. States all over the U.S have been encouraged to investigate proactive measures and advance to seeking resources into ways to reduce crime rather than seeking reactive measures for dealing withShow MoreRelatedThe Value Of Forensic Audit1472 Words   |  6 Pages TOPIC: CRITICALLY DISCUSS THE VALUE OF FORENSIC AUDIT PROCESS IN THE DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF ASSET MISAPPROPRIATION FRAUD BY MASHIANE HELLEN MASERA STUDENT NUMBER 44328702 SELECTED CRIMES AND TRANSGRESSIONS: FOR 5907 A UNIQUE NUMBER: 770549 ANNEXURE C DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY NAME: MASHIANE HELLEN MASERA STUDENT NUMBER: 44328702 REGISTRATION YEAR: 2017 I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this research portfolio is my own originalRead MoreMoney Laundering Essay1211 Words   |  5 Pagesto allocate dirty money around the world on the basis of avoiding national controls and therefore tainted money tends to flow to countries with less stringent controls. Money laundering has a major affect on the businesses that were used for the crime. The integrity of the bank and their financial services are depended heavily on professionalism and ethical standards. A reputation of integrity is one of the most valuable assets of any financial business. People want to be able to trust the placeRead MoreThe Digital Age Has Emerged With A Variety Of Benefits1575 Words   |  7 Pagestechnologies. Security specialists and experts are trying to create Solutions for each type of threat through different methods like attack signatures and Heuristic approaches for prevention. However, as solutions are created, new types of Threats emerge, such as spam mails, spywares, adware, worms and Trojans. Prevention is more difficult than being on the opposite side in the area of Computer security. Finding out a vulnerability and exploiting it is more alluring than Trying to maintain a network’sRead MoreWeek 1 Acc5561135 Words   |  5 Pagesfinancial status review. Fraud deterrence occurs in several stages, and the key is to know that prevention is not to same as deterrence. First is the impact of controls implementing basic controls such as segregation of duty prevents some forms of fraud. However, internal controls are not exactly linked to deterrence but can assist with prevention. Another stage is â€Å"the perception of detection axiom which is as follows: employees who perceive that they will be caught engaging in occupationalRead MoreArson, Fire And Explosives1717 Words   |  7 Pagescriminal offense in America† (W. Ford, 2015:66). The major factor associated with this, is that by their mere essence and function they self-destruct and destroy much physical evidence and usually lack any sort of direct evidence. Also, these specific crimes forge very few eyewitnesses to the scene. This is due to much of the meticulous planning prior to the committed act of arson and explosives cases with the criminal even having a stable alibi. Furthermore, evidence seen as of importance to the investigatorRead MoreCriminal Justice and Security Goals and Challenges1450 Words   |  6 Pagesenforcement agencies face is following the correct procedure. Procedural Criminal Law are specific rules and laws that govern how criminal laws administered. It sets forth a s tandard in how situations are to be handled from the investigation stage of a crime, down to the arrest, trial, and the sentencing of the defendant. Due Process also falls under this category, as this is a process that  must  be followed before a person can be legally deprived of their life, liberty, or property. Due process is a characteristicRead MoreCCTV Systems Role in Reducing Crime Essay1423 Words   |  6 PagesCCTV Systems Role in Reducing Crime The general purpose of the CCTV is to prevent and reduce crime. In theory, this happens because of one or more of these reasons: 1. Deterrence: potential burglars and thieves may see the camera and decide that a store in question is too much of a risk and therefore not a good target. 2. Prosecution: thieves and shoplifters may be caught on camera and this can help catch and prosecute them. 3. Fear reduction: if everyone knowsRead MoreInternational Criminal Justice Trends1122 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction Crime has continually evolved thus becoming more complicated especially due to technological developments. The other factors that have contributed to crime complexity includes demographic changes for males below 30 years of age which is a crime-prone age limit; and macro-economic scales that include the unemployment rate, consumers spending power and economic stability of the region. These factors revolve aroundRead MoreThe Evolution Of Private Security1487 Words   |  6 Pagestransportation, patrol, alarm, guard, and investigation (Strom et. al., 2010). While these services may vary depending on the private organization or individual, the most common function across private security services is the protection and detection of crime in order to enhance security and safety of individuals and property. In light of the nature of private security services, private security individuals and organizations are privately funded or compensated by the individuals or entities theyRead MoreNe twork And Computer Systems Become Universal And Exposed, Security Threats And Risks Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pagespassing laws and Regulations to curtail the so called ‘digital crimes’, the nature of digital crimes and the digital atmosphere makes it nearly impossible to catch the attackers. Companies can now access their businesses from computers all over the world through the Internet. Therefore, the company must take additional steps to curtail these threats. There are many steps a company can take daily to keep their assets secure. Many computer crimes are committed as a means of stealing money or valuable information

Parenting The Irrational Vocation Essay Example For Students

Parenting The Irrational Vocation Essay a href=http://www.geocities.com/vaksam/Sam Vaknins Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web SitesThere are some grounds to assume that a cognitive dissonance is involved in feeling that children are more a satisfaction than a nuisance. Why do people bother with parenting? It is time consuming, exhausting, strains otherwise pleasurable and tranquil relationships to their limits. Still, humanity keeps at it: breeding. It is the easiest to resort to Nature. After all, all living species breed and most of them parent. We are, all taken into consideration, animals and, therefore, subject to the same instinctive behaviour patterns. There is no point in looking for a reason: survival itself (whether of the gene pool or, on a higher level, of the species) is at stake. Breeding is a transport mechanism: handing the precious cargo of genetics down generations of organic containers. But this is a reductionist view, which both ignores epistemological and emotional realities and is tautological, thereby explaining something in terms of itself. Calling something by a different name or describing the mechanisms involved in minute detail does not an explanation make. First hypothesis: we bring children to the world in order to circumvent death. We attain immortality (genetically and psychologically though in both cases it is imaginary) by propagating our genetic material through the medium of our offspring. This is a highly dubious claim. Any analysis, however shallow, will reveal its weaknesses. Our genetic material gets diluted beyond reconstruction with time. It constitutes 50% of the first generation, 25% of the second and so on. If this were the paramount concern incest should have been the norm, being a behaviour better able to preserve a specific set of genes (especially today, when genetic screening can effectively guard against the birth of defective babies). Moreover, progeny is a dubious way of perpetuating ones self. No one remembers ones great great grandfathers. Ones memory is better preserved by intellectual feats or architectural monuments. The latter are much better conduits than children and grandchildren. Still, this indoctrinated misconception is so strong that a baby boom characterizes post war periods. Having been existentially threatened, people multiply in the vain belief that they thus best protect their genetic heritage and fixate their memory. In the better-educated, higher income, low infant mortality part of the world the number of children has decreased dramatically but those who still bring them to the world do so partly because they believe in these factually erroneous assumptions. Second hypothesis: we bring children to the world in order to preserve the cohesiveness of the family nucleus. This claim can more plausibly be reversed: the cohesiveness of the social cell of the family encourages bringing children to the world. In both cases, if true, we would have expected more children to be born into s table families (ante or post facto) than into abnormal or dysfunctional ones. The facts absolutely contradict this expectation: more children are born to single parent families (between one third and one half of them) and to other abnormal (non-traditional) families than to the mother-father classic configuration. Dysfunctional families have more children than any other type of family arrangement. Children are an abject failure at preserving family cohesiveness. It would seem that the number of children, or even their very existence, is not correlated to the stability of the family. Under special circumstances, (Narcissistic parents, working mothers) they may even be a destabilizing factor. Hypothesis number three: children are mostly born unwanted. They are the results of accidents and mishaps, wrong fertility planning, wrong decisions and misguided turns of events. The more sex people engage in and the less preventive measures they adopt the greater the likelihood of having a chi ld. While this might be factually true (family planning is all but defunct in most parts of the world), it neglects the simple fact that people want children and love them. Children are still economic assets in many parts of the world. They plough fields and do menial jobs very effectively. This still does not begin to explain the attachment between parents and their offspring and the grief experienced by parents when children die or are sick. It seems that people derive enormous emotional fulfilment from being parents. This is true even when the children were unwanted in the first place or are the results of lacking planning and sexual accidents. That children ARE the results of sexual ignorance, bad timing, the vigorousness of the sexual drive (higher frequency of sexual encounters) can be proven using birth statistics among teenagers, the less educated and the young (ages 20 to 30). People derive great happiness, fulfilment and satisfaction from their children. Is not this, in i tself, a sufficient explanation? The pleasure principle seems to be at work: people have children because it gives them great pleasure. Children are sources of emotional sustenance. As parents grow old, they become sources of economic support, as well. Unfortunately, these assertions are not sustained by the facts. Increasing mobility breaks families apart at an early stage. Children become ever more dependent on the economic reserves of their parents (during their studies and the formation of a new family). It is not uncommon today for a child to live with and off his parents until the age of 30. Increasing individualism leaves parents to cope with the empty nest syndrome. Communication between parents and children has rarefied in the 20th century. It is possible to think of children as habit forming (see: The Habit of Identity). In this hypothesis, parents especially mothers form a habit. Nine months of pregnancy and a host of social reactions condition the parents. They get use d to the presence of an abstract baby. It is a case of a getting used to a concept. This is not very convincing. Entertaining a notion, a concept, a thought, an idea, a mental image, or a symbol very rarely leads to the formation of a habit. Moreover, the living baby is very different to its pre-natal image. It cries, it soils, it smells, it severely disrupts the lives of its parents. It is much easier to reject it then to transform it to a habit. Moreover, a child is a bad emotional investment. So many things can and do go wrong with it as it grows. So many expectations and dreams are frustrated. The child leaves home and rarely reciprocates. The emotional returns on an investment in a child are rarely commensurate with the magnitude of the investment. This is not to say that people do NOT derive pleasure and fulfilment from their offspring. This is undeniable. Yet, it is neither in the economic nor in the mature emotional arenas. To have children seems to be a purely Narcissistic drive, a part of the pursuit of Narcissistic supply. For further elaboration, please refer to: Malignant Self Love Narcissism Revisited and the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) sections. We are all Narcissists, to a greater or lesser degree. A Narcissist is a person who projects a (false) image to the people around him. He then proceeds to define himself by this very image reflected back at him. Thus, he regards people as mere instruments, helpful in his Sisyphean attempt at self-definition. Their attention is crucial because it augments his weak ego and defines its boundaries. The Narcissist feeds off their admiration, adoration and approval and these help him to maintain a grandiose (fantastic and delusional) sense of self. As the personality matures, Narcissism is replaced with the ability to empathize and to love. The energy (libido) initially directed at loving ones (false) self is redirected at more multidimensional, less idealized targets: others. This edifice of maturity s eems to crumble at the sight of ones offspring. The baby evokes in the parent the most primordial drives, a regression to infancy, protective, animalistic instincts, the desire to merge with the newborn and a sense of terror generated by such a desire (a fear of vanishing and of being assimilated). The parent relives his infancy and childhood through the agency of the baby. The newborn provides the parent with endless, unconditional and unbounded Narcissistic supply. This is euphemistically known as love but it is really a form of symbiotic dependence, at least in the beginning of the relationship. Such narcissistic supply is addictive even to the more balanced, more mature, more psychodynamically stable of parents. It enhances the parents self-confidence, self esteem and buttresses his self image. It fast becomes indispensable, especially in the emotionally vulnerable position in which the parent finds himself. This vulnerability is a result of the reawakening and reconstruction o f all the conflicts and unsolved complexes that the parent had with his own parents. If explanation is true, the following should also hold true: a. The higher the self confidence, the self esteem, the self worth, the clearer and more realistic the self image of the potential parent the less children he will have (the Principle of the Conservation of the Ego boundaries) b. The more sources of readily available Narcissistic supply the less children are needed (the substitutability of Narcissistic sources of supply) Sure enough, both predictions are validated by reality. The higher the education and the income of adults the fewer children they tend to have. People with a higher education and with a greater income are more likely to have a more established sense of self worth. Children become counter-productive: not only is their Narcissistic input (supply) unnecessary, they can also hinder further progress. Having children is not a survival or genetically oriented imperative. Had t his been the case, the number of children would have risen together with free income. Yet, exactly the reverse is happening: the more children people can economically afford the fewer they have. The more educated they are (=the more they know about the world and about themselves), the less they seek to procreate. The more advanced the civilization, the more efforts it invests into preventing the birth of children: contraceptives, family planning, abortions. These all are typical of affluent, well educated societies. And the more Narcissistic supply can be derived from other sources the less do people resort to making children and to other procreative activities (such as sex). Freud described the mechanism of sublimation: the sex drive, the Eros (libido), can be converted, sublimated into other activities. All the sublimatory channels and activities are Narcissistic in character: politics, art. They all provide what children do: narcissistic supply. They make children redundant. It is not by coincidence that people famous for their creativity tend to have less children than the average (most of them, none at all). They are Narcissistically self sufficient, they do not need children. This seems to be the key to our determination to have children: To experience the unconditional love that we received from our mothers, this intoxicating feeling of being loved without caveats, for what we are, with no limits, reservations, or calculations. This is the most powerful, crystallized source of Narcissistic supply. It nourishes our self-love, self worth and self-confidence. It infuses us with feelings of omnipotence and omniscience. In these, and other respects, it is a return to infancy. Appendix Question: Is there a typical relationship between the Narcissist and his family? Answer: We are all members of a few families in our lifetime: the one that we are born to and the one(s) that we create. We all transfer hurts, attitudes, fears, hopes and desires a whole emotio nal baggage from the former to the latter. The Narcissist is no exception. No person is exempt from the Narcissistic dichotomous view of humanity: humans are either sources of Narcissistic supply (and, then, idealized and over-valued) or do not fulfil this function (and, therefore, are valueless, devalued). The Narcissist gets all the love that he needs from himself. From the outside he needs approval, affirmation, admiration, adoration, attention externalized ego boundary functions. He does not require nor does he seek his parents or his siblings love, or to be loved by his children. He casts them as the audience in the theatre of his inflated grandiosity. He wishes to impress them, shock them, threaten them, infuse them with awe, inspire them, attract their attention, subjugate them, or manipulate them. He emulates and simulates an entire range of emotions and employs every means to achieve these effects. He lies (Narcissists are pathological liars their very Self is a false one and they constitute distilled deceptions). He plays the pitiful, or, the reverse, the resilient and reliable. He stuns and shines with outstanding intellectual, or physical (or anything else appreciated by the members of the family) capacities and achievements. When confronted with (young) siblings or with his own children, the Narcissist is likely to undergo three reactive phases: At first, he will perceive the newcomers as a threat to his Narcissistic supply sources (his turf, the Pathological Narcissistic Space). He will do his best to belittle them, hurt (also physically) and humiliate them and then, when these reactions prove ineffective or counter productive, he will retreat into an imaginary world of omnipotence. A period of emotional absence and detachment will ensue. The Narcissist will indulge himself in daydreaming, delusions of grandeur, planning of future coups, nostalgia and hurt (the Lost Paradise Syndrome). The same reaction is observable in a Narcissist followin g the birth of his children or the introduction of new centres of attention to the familial cell (even a new pet!). Whatever the Narcissist perceives to be competing with him on scarce Narcissistic supply is relegated to the role of the enemy. Where no legitimacy exists for the uninhibited expression of the aggression and hostility aroused by this predicament the Narcissist prefers to stay away. He disconnects, detaches himself emotionally, becomes cold and disinterested, directs transformed anger at his mate or at his parents (the more legitimate targets). Other Narcissists will see the opportunity in the mishap. They will seek to manipulate their parents (or their mate) by taking over the newcomer. A Narcissist will monopolize the sibling or his newborn. This way, indirectly, he will bask in the same glow directed at the infant. An example: by being closely identified with his offspring, a Narcissist father will secure the admiration of the mother (what an outstanding father he i s). He will also assume part of all the credit and praise lavished on the baby/sibling. This is a process of annexation and assimilation of the other, a strategy that the Narcissist makes use of in most of his relationships. As the baby/sibling grows older, the Narcissist begins to see their potential to be edifying, reliable and satisfactory sources of Narcissistic supply. His attitude, then, is completely transformed. The former threats have now become promising potentials. He cultivates those whom he trusts to be the most rewarding. He encourages them to idolize him, to adore him, to be awed by him, to admire his deeds and capabilities, to learn to blindly trust and obey him, in short to surrender to his charisma and to become submerged in his follies de grandeur. These roles allocated to them explicitly and demandingly or implicitly and perniciously by the Narcissist are best fulfilled by ones whose mind is not fully formed and not independent. The older the siblings or offspr ing, the more they become critical, even judgmental, of the Narcissist. They are better able to put into context and perspective his actions, to question his motives, to anticipate his moves. They refuse to continue to play the mindless pawns in his chess game. They hold grudges against him for what he has done to them in the past, when they were less capable of resistance. They can gauge his true stature, talents and achievements which, usually, lag far behind the claims that he makes. This brings the Narcissist a full cycle back to the first phase. Again, he perceives his Siblings or sons/daughters as threats. He quickly becomes disillusioned, in one of the spastic devaluation reactions typical of his appraisal of humans around him. He loses all interest, becomes emotionally remote, absent and cold, rejects any effort to communicate with him, citing life pressures and the preciousness and scarceness of his time. He feels burdened, cornered, besieged, suffocated, and claustrophobi c. He wants to get away, to abandon his commitments to people who have become totally useless to him (or even damaging). He does not understand why he has to support them, to suffer their company and he believes himself to have been trapped. He rebels either passively-aggressively (by refusing to act or intentionally sabotaging the relationships) or actively (by being overly critical, aggressive, unpleasant, verbally and psychologically abusive and so on). Slowly to justify his acts to himself he gets immersed in conspiracy theories with clear paranoid hues. The members of the family conspire against him, seek to belittle or humiliate or subordinate him, do not understand him, stymie his growth. The Narcissist usually finally gets what he wants and the family that he has created disintegrates to his great sorrow (due to the loss of the Narcissistic Space) but also to his great relief and surprise (how could they have let someone as unique as him go?). This cycle: threat assimila tion Narcissistic supply overvaluation anti Narcissistic behaviours devaluation suffocation paranoia rebellion and disintegration, characterizes not only the family life of the Narcissist. It is to be found in other realms of his life (his career, for instance). At work, the Narcissist, initially, feels threatened (no one knows him, he is a nobody, he may not be the most unique one here, etc.). Then, he develops a circle of admirers, cronies and friends which he nurtures and cultivates in order to obtain Narcissistic supply from them. He overvalues them (they are the brightest, the most loyal, with the biggest chances to climb the corporate ladder and other superlatives). But following some anti-Narcissistic behaviours (a critical remark, a disagreement, a refusal, however polite, are all sufficient grounds) the Narcissist devalues all these previously over-valued individuals. Now they are stupid, lack ambition, skills and talents, common (the worst expletive in the Narcissi sts vocabulary), with an unspectacular career ahead of them. The Narcissist feels that he is misallocating his resources (for instance, his time). He feels besieged and suffocated. He rebels and erupts in a serious of self-defeating and self-destructive behaviours, which lead to the disintegration of his life. Doomed to build and ruin, attach and detach, appreciate and depreciate, the Narcissist is predictable in his Death Wish. What sets him apart from other suicidal types is that his wish is granted to him in small, tormenting doses. Medical Miracles on the Horizon Essay While this might be factually true (family planning is all but defunct in most parts of the world), it neglects the simple fact that people want children and love them. Children are still economic assets in many parts of the world. They plough fields and do menial jobs very effectively. This still does not begin to explain the attachment between parents and their offspring and the grief experienced by parents when children die or are sick. It seems that people derive enormous emotional fulfilment from being parents. This is true even when the children were unwanted in .

Meddle by Pink Floyd free essay sample

Meddle holds it’s own as the 6th album of English group Pink Floyd. Arguably, Meddle is Floyd’s greatest album. The band packed so much sound in six songs that it’s almost impossible to hear the full capacity of the album through one sitting. It requires more, due it’s depth. While this may seem intimidating to casual listeners at first, theres merit to it. Like a good book, a good album should be listened to more than once. No problem there. Floyd created such a good album, listeners will want to hear it again. The first song, â€Å"One of These Days† begins with windy effects that sound as if they were blowing off a coast itself. â€Å"One of These Days† has a driving bass that contrasts nicely to the dulcet, soft spoken quality of â€Å"A Pillow of Winds†. Third track, â€Å"Fearless,† begins with heavy laden guitar chords in a mesmerizing riff you’ll be humming all day. We will write a custom essay sample on Meddle by Pink Floyd or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The relaxedness of the tune and the decrescendo and crescendo combo of the thick piano sound and guitar chords, make it one of the standout tracks. In the background, you can hear screaming fans that sounds like a crowd cheering at a bullfight, when in fact, it’s noise from The World Cup. The fourth song, â€Å"San Tropez†, is a music soundtrack of comic strip Peanuts, if there ever was one. It’s almost as if you see Woodstock and Snoopy concocting up mischief in the backyard while Schroeder is composing on his baby grand. â€Å"San Tropez† is a jazzy head-bobbing jam anybody needs after a long day at work. After â€Å"San Tropez†, a blues influenced howling song plays about a dog named Seamus (complete with actual dog howls). And at last, comes â€Å"Echoes†, the sixth and final track of Meddle. The twenty-three minute masterpiece is the perfect wrap-up to the album. Initially, twenty-three minutes seems pretty daunting, with a dead spot nearly expected after the first three minutes. Instead, Floyd uses all twenty-three minutes to demonstrate superior musician mastery through drawn-out sounds layered with watery pings and slide guitar while the bass is played like waves rolling to the shoreline of a beach. Gilmour wails on guitar and teases you into a groove of funk for a while until about halfway through the song, screeches that resemble whale calls, come in. Whether it be the incredible musicianship of the four Brits, or the watery effects of â€Å"Echoes†, Floyd created an album that’s a staple to any chill summer sending you directly into a musical climax of a ride leaving you mellowed out long after the album stops playing. Sweet.